How Does a Vacuum Work?

To answer the question, “How does a vacuum work?” the types of vacuums must be examined along with the way each is designed to function. The most popular kinds of vacuum cleaners are canisters and uprights. Both types operate using a vacuum that is created inside the cleaner.

Using air pressure and the principles of atmospheric pressure, an air pump inside the vacuum forces air out of the cleaner at the same time as exterior air is pushed into it. A partial vacuum is then created to pick up dirt and dust with the suction created by the vacuum. This basic premise has been used for about 150 years to create various types of vacuum cleaners.

From the earliest known cleaner created by Ives W. McGaffey in 1868, to the latest robotic cleaners, the mechanical configurations have varied, while still utilizing the basic laws of atmospheric pressure.

Upright vacuum cleaners usually have a cleaning head that uses a rotating beater bar or brush-roll to remove dirt by vibration and sweeping. Uprights are either clean-fan/indirect air or dirty-fan/direct air types. The dirty-fan cleaners have a large fan located near to the suction opening. The dirt passes through this fan and then is blown into a bag mounted to the upright handle. This type of vacuum makes an efficient carpet cleaner, but isn’t as good at cleaning when attachments are used.

Clean-fan cleaners also use a motor with a smaller fan, but the motor is placed after the dirt collection bag. The air stream through the bag normally passes through a filter before passing through the fan. These vacuums work well for both floor and attachment cleaning, because they also use several interior turbines to increase the power of the vacuum. The suction doesn’t decrease in an attachment hose the way it does in a dirty-fan cleaner. Some models use a rotating brush-roll to enhance the dirt pick-up.

Canister vacuum cleaners are cylinders mounted on wheels with a motor and a bag located within the cylinder. A hose is attached and is used to pick up dirt and dust. Most are lightweight and are popular for that reason, but unless there is a beater-bar attachment powered by a separate motor at the end of the hose, they do not clean as well as an upright.

Central vacuum cleaners are built into a building at a central location. The hose and pickup head are carried from one room to another, eliminating the need to move a heavier unit around. These units provide excellent suction, do not blow any dirt back into the room, and are quieter than standard vacuum cleaners.

Other types of vacuum cleaners are wet vacuums that pick up wet or dry dirt. Industrial locations use pneumatic vacs that are attached to compressed air. Smaller, hand-held vacuums that are used to pick up dirt in a small area, like a car, can be either powered by electricity or battery. Although most vacuums deposit dust and dirt into a collection bag, others use a container of water instead. The newest types of vacuum cleaners are the robotic cleaners that move at random, bouncing from one barrier to another, without needing a human to control its motion.

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